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電磁閥的英文是Solenoid Valve，簡單來說就是利用通電的電磁鐵進行閥門的開關，進而達到控制油等液體或氣體的目的。電磁因其成本低、體積小、開關速度快、接線簡單、功耗低、性價比高、經濟實用等優點，被廣泛應用在自動控制領域的各個環節。小至洗衣機、洗碗機等家電，大至工廠的自動控制系統都有它的蹤跡。

 

電磁閥的作用原理

電磁閥的構造非常簡單，主要由電磁鐵(電磁線圈) 、活塞及開口所組成。電磁線圈與活塞相連接，并在通電后產生磁性，帶動活塞以改變流體的方向(電磁開關閥) 或是壓力(電磁調節閥)。常見的三通電磁閥則是有三個開口，并由兩組線圈控制流體的流向。

電磁閥的作用原理

如上圖所示，通電后磁化的電磁線圈向上吸引活塞，讓流體可以自由的流向右邊。斷電后閥門也隨之關閉，阻斷流體。當然也有通電時阻斷，斷電時流通的電磁閥設計。若想了解更多可以參考下方動畫，閥門的動作描繪得非常清楚。

電磁閥的原理影片

常見的電磁閥種類

回收電磁閥依據作用原理，可以分為三大種類，分別是直動式電磁閥、分步直動式電磁閥以及間接先導式電磁閥。此三大類又可以依據閥瓣結構和材料上的不同細分為六小類，分別是直動膜片結構、分步重片結構、先導膜式結構、直動活塞結構、分步直動活塞結構、先導活塞結構。另外也會依據使用情境和適用流體做不同的區分。

以下先簡短介紹三大類電磁閥的作用方式。

依作用原理分類

1. 直動式電磁閥

直動式電磁閥是最基本的電磁閥類型，作用方式如前面所提，單純是以電磁鐵帶動活塞控制閥門。

特色：在真空、負壓、零壓時能正常工作，但通徑一般不超過25mm。

2. 分步直動式電磁閥

分步直動式電磁閥的作用原理稍微復雜一點。主要分為主閥和小閥兩個部份，通電時會先將小閥開啟，此時小閥內的壓力會變大，當小閥與主閥的壓力差大道一定程度后，再利用壓力推開主閥。與直動式最大的差異就是可以應用在功率需求較大的運用上。

3. 間接先導式電磁閥

間接先導式電磁閥和分步直動式稍微類似。主要由上下腔室與先導孔組成。通電時，電磁鐵會讓先導孔打開，并讓上腔室的壓力快速下降，形成上低下高的壓力差。此時流體壓力將會推動組件讓閥門向上移動；斷電時則相反。
特點：體積小，功率低，流體壓力范圍上限較高，可任意安裝但必須滿足流體壓差條件

依使用介質及情況分類

1. 管內使用介質

依電磁閥管內使用介質可分為：液用電磁閥、氣用電磁閥、蒸汽電磁閥、燃氣電磁閥、油用電磁閥

2. 電磁閥使用情境

依電磁閥的使用情境可分為：消防專用電磁閥、制冷電磁閥、防腐電磁閥、高溫電磁閥、高壓電磁閥、無壓差電磁閥、超低溫電磁閥（深冷電磁閥）、真空電磁閥等。

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電磁閥的相位及口（通）數

另一種重要的電磁閥分類則是依照其相位數其通口數。相位指的是閥門開關的狀態，通數或口數則是指其開口數目。常見的型態有二位二通、二位三通、三位三通等。

1. 二位二通電磁閥

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最基本的電磁閥即為二位二通或二位二通的形式，二通表示其只有兩個開口A 及B，二位表示只有兩種狀態1. A 開B 關及2. A 關B開）。

2. 二位三通電磁閥

二位三通的電磁閥比二位二通多了一個排水口， 但同時只會有一個排水口開啟。

3. 三位三通電磁閥

三位三通的電磁閥多了一個新的相位，即可以分別控制三個開口的流通。

另外也有五口二位五口三位等更多相位和口數的電磁閥，但基本原理是相同的。

如何選擇正確的電磁閥？

電磁閥必須要依據使用情況、流體種類、溫度等去做正確的選擇，才可以保證功效以及延長使用壽命。在選擇電磁閥時只要掌握以下幾個原則，就可以輕松選出合適的電磁閥。

使用流體介質

酸堿度

腐蝕性液體需使用不銹鋼材質電磁閥，并搭配合適的橡膠材質。

溫度

高溫流體請使用耐高溫材料制成的電磁閥，并選擇活塞結構類型。

狀態

氣態、液態、混合狀態都有對應的專用電磁閥，特別是口徑大于DN25 需特別區分。

黏度

50cSt 以上請使用高黏度電磁閥

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連接管徑大小及流量

依照現場管道尺寸及流量決定通徑（DN）尺寸，另外通常> DN50 需使用法蘭接口

使用壓力

根據管道的公稱壓力選擇合適的電磁閥。另外若工壓差在0.04Mpa 以下時，必須使用直動式或分步直動式電磁閥。

工作型態

依據開關模式選擇常開型或常關型，另外環境的溫度、淋水、震動等甚至是防爆等都有特殊相對應的電磁閥。

可靠程度

工作頻率高時，優先選擇直動式電磁閥，另外盡量選擇品質較有保證的大廠或有口碑之品牌（如亞德客等）較不容易出現問題。

電磁閥安裝的注意事項

• 閥體上箭頭需與介質流向一致，并垂直向上安裝
• 安裝前徹底清洗管道。確保通入的介質無雜質。并于閥前加裝過濾器
• 安裝后管道內不得有反向壓差。并需通電數次，使之適溫后方可投入使用
• 電源電壓應保持在額定電壓的15％-10％ 幅度內作用

正確安裝電磁閥，才可以確保壽命和效能